朱燦麟運動創傷與慢性筋骨痛症網

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醫患之間

沒有發炎的慢性肌腱(筋膜組織)傷患

非類固醇消炎藥--幫你還是害你?

你還敷冰嗎?

泠水浴與恢復

唔敷冰,干卿何事?

「非科學化個人理解」的深層意義- 你還敷冰嗎? 續篇

足踝扭傷:不敷冰可怎樣?

給運動員的一點忠告

山徑石屎化

高山病

Straight to the point



好人難做!

慢性筋骨痛症是醫學問題,還是社會問題?


冰敷治療運動創傷的來由

by Alain Chu

 

每逢運動創傷講座,不少專家學者便少不免提及以冰敷來治療急慢性運動創傷勞損。現在便讓我們看看冰敷治療運動創傷的來由。時光倒流至一九六二年五月二十三日的美Massachusetts州小鎮Somerville,時年十二歲的男孩Everett Knowles因為想跳上一部行駛中的火車,手抓住了列車扶手,腿卻跟不上,Knowles的身體被拖着,最後撞向石牆,他的手臂在肩膊處被撕斷。到達醫院後,醫療人員大聲呼叫,要把斷肢放在冰桶內以防腐壞,並盡快接駁 (Reinl, 2013)

 

Ronald Malt是當時的主診醫生,在那年代,沒有高倍顯微鏡,沒有達文西手術臂,憑着高超的技術,Malt完成了美國史上第一宗成功的斷肢接回手術。Knowles最後還可用再植的手臂拋棒球,長大後更替一凍肉公司駕貨車。

 

自此以後,用冰冷凍斷肢或待移植的器官便成為常規的『短暫保存』方法。然而,精確點說也不是像雪雞般冷凍至結冰,而是將温度降至既能減慢組織壞死又可保存離體斷肢的程度。現行合理之做法,就是把斷肢用水清潔後,用濕布包裹放在密封膠袋內,再用凍水降温,但絕非藏在冰塊堆中,免得凍壞組織。

 

可是,大眾卻把『保存』斷肢器官的方法,不假思索的應用在『治療』所有受傷上。一有甚麽運動創傷,那管肢體還沒有脫落,便敷冰……敷冰……也不管原來敷冰是『保存』斷肢的方法,但卻用於『治療』創傷上。把新陳代謝減慢,為何能治療創傷?為何只冷凍斷肢,何不連另一邊的殘肢(Stump)也一起冰敷?有人這樣做嗎?沒有!因為殘肢還有血液供應,斷肢則否!扭傷的足踝、拉傷的肌肉並沒有脫落,一樣有血液供應,還冷凍『保存』甚麽??『保存』到何時??

 

 

 

有人說冰敷能保護細胞免壞死發脹。是的,冷凍令一切細胞活動減慢甚至停止,這就是肉類及輸血包要冷藏保存的原因。但一般肌肉筋膜的運動創傷,又不是要植肢,更無特別理由要保存三天才處理,為何要用冷凍阻止身體展開即時快速的修復程序?若有人皮膚受刀割傷,傷口又清潔,是否要冰敷傷口三天後才縫合?為何?要抑制修復程序到何時?

 

冰敷之父不敷冰

 

Everett Knowles奇蹟復原的病例轟動全美國,但眾人的焦點卻集中在冰敷斷肢上,以為一有甚麽創傷便要立刻冰敷,反而忽略了Ronald Malt高超的外科技術。及後在一九七八年,美國醫生Gabe Mirkin出版了“The Sports Medicine Book”,書中第九十四頁提到用冰敷處理急性運動創傷,並首先提出Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation療法,簡稱R.I.C.E.。此書一紙風行,R.I.C.E.遂成為治療急性運動創傷的金科玉律,已經深入民心,更有人應用在慢性勞損上,如纏綿不癒的網球肘,有些專家學者還建議人敷冰……敷冰。其理據就是這類肌腱疼痛主因是發炎,所以要用冰消炎。

 

其實在一九七六年已有學者証明這些慢性肌腱疼痛並非炎症引起 (Puddu, et al., 1976),為何要消炎?為何要消滅一個不存在的反應?退一萬步來說,假若真的是肌腱發炎,近代研究已証明炎症是修復過程的首要步驟,壓抑這步驟,便不能誘發隨後之再生及重塑階段(Chan, and Fu, 2009),那麽為何要冰敷消炎?為何要消滅修復過程的首要步驟?難道就是為了短暫止痛,卻犧牲長遠復原?值得嗎?

 

基於近代大量研究証明冰敷運動受傷患處不是無濟於事,便是阻礙復原。冰敷之父Gabe Mirkin也再深入研究自己提出的冰敷主張有否錯誤。最後分別於二零一三年六月二十一日二零一四年三月十六日,在其網頁撰文推翻自己三十多年前的主張,及解釋為何冰敷會阻礙復原。原文如下 (另加中文翻譯)

 

http://www.drmirkin.com/public/ezine111410.html

http://www.drmirkin.com/fitness/why-ice-delays-recovery.html

 

請想一想,三十多年前,Gabe Mirkin主張冰敷治療急性運動創傷的論據,並非建基於大量的研究結果,只是想當然的主張,連常態科學也不算,但卻深入人心,成為金科玉律。縱使近代研究証明R.I.C.E.中,加壓及活動患處(當然不是跑步跳繩!)對消腫和復原最為有效,冰敷除短暫止痛外,不是毫無作用,便是阻礙復原。但人們還是套餐式的把全盤R.I.C.E.奉上,更把焦點聚集在冰敷上,以為有甚麽神奇作用,為何不先加壓後活動患處?有人膽敢不依從人所共識的R.I.C.E.步驟嗎?「冇用又咁多人用?」「物理治療都用唔通唔得嘅咩!」「用咗咁多年,點會有錯!」「個個都咁講,重點會錯!」「上堂老師都咁教喎!」「好多運動員都敷冰噃!」就是令我聽得生厭的膚淺粗疏單向思維分析。

 

諷刺的是,自Gabe Mirkin在一九七八年提倡冰敷受後近二十年,竟然沒有研究能証明其效用(除短暫止痛外)(Bleakley, et al., 2011)。近十年的研究卻差不多一面倒証明冰敷阻礙軟組織復原。

 

多人用不等於一定有用,可以是習非成事。

人人都咁講不一定正確,也許是人云亦云。


 

「醫學無論臨床和動物實驗的文獻都是冰凍好」?

 

不少療法的發展初期,都沒有大量研究証據,有些更是機緣巧合之下發現出來,一點也不足為怪。可是,當應用及研究的人數增加後,便應檢討這療法的效用。

 

現在便是檢討冰敷療法的時候了。

 

眾人都說:『冰敷止血』,但血管撕裂後,身體自會立刻展開一個名為『生理性止血』“Hemostasis”的反應,當中包括局部血管收縮(Vascular spasm)血小板(Platelet)黏附在血管破壁形成血栓,暫時阻止出血,血管內皮細胞釋出凝血因子激活凝血反應(Coagulation)使血漿中的纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen)轉變成纖維蛋白多聚體(Fibrin polymerization),從而修補缺口。若受傷的血管較大,直接在傷口或間接在鄰近動脈加壓是否較有效快捷?不要忘記,低温會減慢細胞的化學反應,當然也會阻慢『凝血』。

 

研究發現凝血時間在攝氏22度時比在37度時長三倍, “Clotting time were 3 times longer at 220C than at 370C(Valeri, et al., 1995)Sutor等又發現出血部位的温度為攝氏16度或更低時,出血時間及失血量明顯增加。“When the temperature of the wound was decreased to 160C or below, bleeding increased significantly in all normal persons.” (Sutor, et al., 1971)

 

血友病(Haemophilia)患者較易發生關節血腫(Haemarthroses),冰敷是處理這些血腫的常規療法,但Forsyth等發現施行冰敷在這些患者之受累關節上,有可能因阻礙凝血及生理性止血而加劇出血。冰敷亦未能顯示有助改善關節血腫之病情、止血或停止腫脹。 “In patient with haemophilia with acute haemoarthrosis, ice application has potential to increase haemorrhage morbidity by further impairing coagulation and haemostasis. Ice has not been shown to improve overall outcome, stop bleeding nor swelling from haemarthrosis. ” (Forsyth, et al., 2012)

 

温度對手術傷口的止血速度也有影響,Niemczura等建議用490C施壓以加速生理性止血,反而要避免冷凍

“Cold application to open surgical wound should be avoided.”

(Niemczura, and DePalma, 1979)

 

血液學之父Willam Hewson (1739-1774)最先証明冰凍能延遲凝血,他把剛採集的血液放在容器內再置於冰塊中,血液仍可保持液態,但一放回室温處,血液便瞬間凝成血塊

“William Hewson clearly demonstrated that cold retards coagulation by collecting blood in a container and immediately placing the container in ice. The blood remained fluid but when removed from the ice and left at room temperature it would clot shortly after.”上述文字記載於 二零零四年Cecil Hougie所著之 “Thrombosis and Bleeding: An Era of Discovery. ”第七頁。

 

想一想,為何捐血後的血包要冷藏?除了保鮮防菌外,就是阻慢凝血啊

那為甚麼還有人說要敷冰止血?大量研究的結果是低温阻慢凝血啊!

 

當然,有人會爭辯,說冷凍可使微血管收縮,也可止血,是的,冷凍的確可使微血管收縮,但身體「生理性止血」已有「血管收縮」這程序,不用閣下操心,冷凍使血管收縮但又阻慢凝血,是否白忙一場、得不償失、自相矛盾?再大的傷口,即使血管收縮也不能止血,直接施壓是否更有效些?阻止血液從破裂的血管漏出』,與『截斷受傷部位血液供應』本質有別,情非得已,也不應以『截斷受傷部位血液供應』來止血,除非局部止血行不通。更何況新鮮血液會帶來分泌細胞因子(Cytokines)的中性粒細胞(Neutrophils)、清理壞死組織的巨噬細胞(Macrophages)及分泌膠原蛋白(Collagen)以修復軟組織的纖維母細胞 (Fibroblasts)。這些細胞的活躍期就是大部份人都認為要除之而後快的炎症階段。

 

炎症階段對軟組織的癒合極其重要,對肌肉也不例外,沒有炎症,肌肉的再生會受阻礙 (Lescaudron, et al., 1999; Robertson, et al., 1993)。在炎症階段,免疫細胞除了清除壞死組織外,還會分泌細胞因子(Cytokines)以吸引及活化肌肉衛星細胞 (Satellite cell)作修復。例如由巨噬細胞(Macrophages)分泌的類胰島素一號生長因子 (Insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1)對肌肉修復非常重要(Lu, et al., 2011)

 

肌肉筋膜組織受傷後壞死是必然且必要的過程,也是修復程序的首要步驟。東京大學的研究發現,肌肉受傷後立刻冰敷二十分鐘,真的可以延遲受傷肌肉細胞壞死,但同時也阻礙肌肉細胞再生。二十八天後,無冰敷組的肌肉纖維面積比冰敷組多64.5%,同時,冰敷組肌肉中的膠原蛋白(瘢痕組織)比例,為無冰敷組的兩倍(18.9±1.3% vs 8.9±1.3%) ,這結果顯示冰敷不單阻慢受傷肌肉生再生,更會影響再生肌肉的品質 (Takagi, et al., 2011)Takagi的結論,就是肌肉受傷後最好不要冰敷“it might be better to avoid icing”。

 

Takagi, R., Fujita, N., Arakawa, T., Kawada, S., Ishii, N., Miki, A. (2011). Influence of icing on muscle regeneration after crush injury to skeletal muscles in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110, 382-388.

 

Takagi, R., Fujita, N., Arakawa, T., Kawada, S., Ishii, N., Miki, A. (2011). Influence of icing on muscle regeneration after crush injury to skeletal muscles in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110, 382-388.

Takagi, R., Fujita, N., Arakawa, T., Kawada, S., Ishii, N., Miki, A. (2011). Influence of icing on muscle regeneration after crush injury to skeletal muscles in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110, 382-388.

 

最近亦有一類似研究,証明肌肉受傷後立刻冰敷二十分鐘,會壓抑炎症但同時阻礙受傷肌肉長出新血管(Angiogenesis)(Peake, et al., 2015)荷蘭Maastricht University的研究又發現小腿拉傷人士接受冰敷並無好處(Prins, et al., 2011)。那麽熱敷又如何?日本金澤大學的研究再次証實肌肉受傷後立刻敷冰20分鐘會促進瘢痕組織形成。相反,受傷後48小時開始,持續兩星期,隔天以420C熱敷患處30分鐘,則有效促進肌肉生長復原及減少瘢痕組織增生(Shibaguchi, et al., 2016)

 

假若有一種藥物可短暫止痛但會阻慢肌肉復原及影響其結構,閣下還會服食嗎?常理推測當然不會,但事實卻天天在發生,而且深入人心,就是那些廣告鋪天蓋地的非類固醇消炎止痛藥。

 

冰敷會抑制腫脹產生,夠凍的話,甚至可停止所有細胞活動。『消腫』的意思是消除腫脹,即『排走局部過多液體』而非『抑制組織分泌過多液體』。冰敷消腫是全無道理的聯想,真正有助『排走局部過多液體』的是淋巴系統,淋巴管並不能自動收縮帶走積液,要靠肌肉收縮產生動力才可驅動淋巴液在淋巴管循環。冰敷冷凍阻礙神經傳導,當然可以止痛,但同時又會隔絕肌肉與神經的聯繫,肌肉不能有效收縮,又如何驅動淋巴系統?


 

二零一三年Ohio University Chad Starkey編著了一本書,名為“Therapeutic Modalities”,在第四版第119頁寫到:

* 單憑冷凍不能加速消腫。

  (Cold application alone does not promote the removal of swelling)

* 冰敷壓抑新陳代謝從而抑制腫脹產生。

  (Cryotherapy limits the formation of edema by reducing cell metabolism.)

* (冰敷)組織温度達270F (150C)之前,小動脈直經收縮較小靜脈大(也會抑制腫脹產生)

  (…the amount of arteriole vasoconstriction is greater than that for venules. This effect occurs until tissue temperatures decrease more than 270F(150C) .

* 冰敷增加液體黏性,阻礙靜脈及淋巴回流。

  (…potentially could hinder the venous and lymphatic return mechanism by increasing fluid viscosity) .

* 過度持續冰敷會增加淋巴管滲透性,使液體從淋巴管滲出。

  (Prolonged, inappropriate cooling can increase the permeability of superficial lymphatic vessels and result in the lymph contents spilling back into the tissue.)

 

看清楚了沒有!

FCold   application   alone   does   not   promote   the   removal   of   swelling.”

 

「單 腫。」

 

那為甚麽人人卻異口同聲說:「冰敷消腫」?

 

『冰敷熱熨、何者為適』一文中,我只例舉了二十份研究報告,其他還有更多文獻未能盡錄。這二十份報告,是集八十六位研究員,包括生理學家、物理治療師、醫生等的研究成果,當中也包含一百七十六份文獻的統合分析(Meta-Analysis),也不計算文獻中引用的參考了,結論就是冰敷急性運動創傷除短暫止痛外,一無是處,甚至阻礙復原。


 

我們看看這些學者怎樣說:

 

The effects of multiple cold water immersions on indices of muscle damage. 

Goodall, S., Howatson, G.

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, (2008) 7, 235-241.

Conclusions:

Repeated cold water immersion do not enhance recovery from a bout of damaging eccentric contractions.

結論:

重覆冷水浴對傷害性離心收縮之復原並無幫助

 

Topical cooling (icing) delays recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.

Tseng, C.Y., Lee, J.P., Tsai, Y.S., Lee, S.D., Kao, C.L., Liu, T.C., Lai, C., Harris, M.B., Kuo, C.H.

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, (2013) 27(5), 1354-1361.

Conclusions:

Commonly used clinical intervention, seems to not improve but rather delay recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.

結論:

臨床上常用的冰敷療法,非但不能促進,反而會阻礙肌肉運動勞損之復原

 

Ice-water immersion and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomised controlled trial.

Sellwood, K.L., Brukner, P., Williams, D., Nicol, A., Hinman, R.

British Journal of Sports Medicine, (2007). 41(6), 392-397.

Conclusion:

The protocol of ice-water immersion used in this study was ineffectual in minimising markers of DOMS in untrained individuals. This study challenges the wide use of this intervention as a recovery strategy by athletes.

結論:

本研究採用之浸冰水草案,並不能有效減輕未受訓練人士的延遲性肌肉疼痛指標。本研究挑戰運動員廣泛使用以冰水浴作為復原策略的做法。

 

What is the evidence for rest, ice, compression, and elevation therapy in the treatment of ankle sprains in adults?

van den Bekerom, M.P., Struijs, P.A., Blankevoort, L., Welling, L., van Dijk, C.N., Kerkhoffs, G.M.

Journal of Athletic Training, (2012) 47(4), 435-443.

Conclusions:

Insufficient evidence is available from randomized controlled trials (11 trials) to determine the relative effectiveness of R.I.C.E. therapy for acute ankle sprains in adults.”

結論:

分析(十一項)隨機對照試驗後,找不到足夠証據証明R.I.C.E.能有效治療成人之急性足踝扭傷

 

Cooling an acute muscle injury: can basic scientific theory translated into the clinical setting?

Bleakley, C.M., Glasgow, P., Webb, M.J.

British Journal of Sports Medicine, (2011) 46, 296-298.

 

“Ice is commonly used after acute muscle strains but there are no clinical studies of its effectiveness.

『冰敷急性肌肉拉傷乃慣常做法,可是並無臨床研究証明其效用。』

 

Influence of icing on muscle regeneration after crush injury to skeletal muscles in rats.

Takagi, R., Fujita, N., Arakawa, T., Kawada, S., Ishii, N., Miki, A.

Journal of Applied Physiology, (2011) 110, 382-388.

Conclusions:

Icing applied soon after a muscle crush injury could have retarded proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells ...........but also impairment of muscle regeneration along with a thicker collagen deposition around the regenerating muscle fibers. Judging from these findings, it might be better to avoid icing, although it has been widely used in sports medicine.

結論:

肌肉壓傷後立即冰敷,會妨礙衛星細胞增殖及分化..........更會阻礙肌肉再生,並隨伴有較厚之膠原蛋白沉積其上。雖然運動醫學上廣泛使用冰敷,但基於以上研究所得,最好還是避之則吉

 

Should athletes return to sport after applying ice? A systematic review of the effect of local cooling on functional performance.

Bleakley, C.M., Costello, J.T., Glasgow, P.D.

Sports Medicine, (2012) 42(1), 69-87.

Conclusions:

Athletes will probably be at a performance disadvantage if they return to activity immediately after cooling. (35 trials)

結論:

運動員冰敷後立刻運動之表現,很有可能被削弱(按:分析三十五項研究之結果)

 

Is ice right? Does cryotherapy improve outcome for acute soft tissue injury?

Collins, N.C.

Emergency Medicine Journal, (2008) 25(2), 65-68.

Conclusions:

There is insufficient evidence to suggest that cryotherapy improves clinical outcome in the management of soft tissue injuries. (6 human studies, 4 animal studies, 2 reviews)

 

結論:

並無足夠証據証明冰敷能提升治療軟組織受傷的療效。(按:分析六項人體研究、四項動物研究、兩份審閱報告)

 

Cryotherapy for acute ankle sprains: a randomised controlled study of two different icing protocols.

Bleakley, C M., McDonough, S.M., MacAuley, D.C., Bjordal, J.

British Journal of Sports Medicine, (2006) 40(8), 700-705.

Background:

The use of cryotherapy in the management of acute soft tissue injury is largely based on anecdotal evidence. Preliminary evidence suggests that intermittent cryotherapy applications are most effective at reducing tissue temperature to optimal therapeutic levels. However, its efficacy in treating injured human subjects is not yet known.

Conclusions:

Intermittent applications may enhance the therapeutic effect of ice in pain relief after acute soft tissue injury

背景:

使用冰敷治療急性軟組織受傷主要建基於道聽塗說的証據。初步証據顯示間歇性冰敷,能有效地降低組織温度至理想治療水平。可是,其治療受傷人體之有效性仍然未知

結論:

間歇性冰敷可減輕急性軟組織受傷後之疼痛。(按:謹此而已!)

 

Does Cryotherapy Improve Outcomes With Soft Tissue Injury?

Hubbard, T.J., Denegar, C.R.

Journal of Athletic Training, (2004) 39(3), 278-279.

Conclusions:

Based on the available evidence (55 trials), cryotherapy seems to be effective in decreasing pain. In comparison with other rehabilitation techniques, the efficacy of cryotherapy has been questioned.

結論:

基於採納到的証據(五十五項研究),冰敷似乎能有效地減輕疼痛。但當與其他復康方法比較,冰敷之功效成疑

 

The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft-tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Bleakley, C., McDonough, S., MacAuley, D.

American Journal of Sports Medicine, (2004) 32(1), 251-261.

 

“There was little evidence (22 trials) to suggest that the addition of ice to compression had any significant effect.”

無甚証據証明(分析二十二項研究)在施壓時加上冰敷,有任何實質作用。』

 

The effects of ice massage, ice massage with exercise, and exercise on the prevention and treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness.

Isabell, M.S., Durrant, E., Myrer, W., Anderson, S.

Journal of Athletic Training, (1992) 27(3), 216-217.

 

“The pattern of the data suggested the use of ice in the treatment of DOMS may be contraindicated.

『數據之模式提示在治療延遲性肌肉疼痛時,應忌用冰敷。』

 

Treatment of the Inversion Ankle Sprain: Comparison of Different Modes of Compression and Cryotherapy.

Wilkerson, G.B., Horn-Kingery, H.M.

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, (1993) 17(5), 240-246.

 

“The results of this study indicate that local compression appears beneficial, but increased frequency and duration of cryotherapy does not appear to enhance the rate of recovery following an inversion ankle sprain.”
『本研究結果指出局部施壓有利,但增加冰敷之頻率與持續時間,並無助促進足踝內翻扭傷復原

 

Scientists discover that inflammation helps to heal wounds.

Science Daily, (2014) October

 

“Zhou and colleagues found that the presence of inflammatory cells (macrophages) in acute muscle injury produce a high level of a growth factor called insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) which significantly increases the rate of muscle regeneration.”

Zhou及其團隊發現急性肌肉損傷後,肌肉中之炎症細胞(巨噬細胞),會產生大量類胰島素一號生長因子(IGF-1),令到肌肉再生速度顯著提升

Source:

Macrophages recruited via CCR2 produce insulin-like growth factor-1 to repair acute skeletal muscle injury.

Lu, H., Huang, D., Saederup, N., Charo, I. F., Ransohoff, R.M., Zhou. L.

The FASEB (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) Journal, (2011) 25(1), 358-369.

 

Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of ice therapy in patients with an acute tear in the gastrocnemius muscle: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Prins, J.C., Stubbe, J.H., van Meeteren, N.L., Scheffers, F.A., van Dongen, M.C.

Clinical Rehabilitation, (2011) 25(5), 433-441.

Conclusions:

Preliminary effectiveness in our limited-sized trial (19 subjects) indicates that the use of ice is not beneficial for people who receive ice therapy.

結論:

在初步小樣本(十九人)隨機對照試驗中發現,接受冰敷治療並無好處

 

Effect of accelerated rehabilitation on function after ankle sprain: randomised controlled trial.

Bleakley, C. M., O'Connor, S. R., Tully, M. A., Rocke, L. G., MacAuley, D. C., Bradbury, I., Keegan, S., McDonough, S M.

British Medical Journal, (2010), 340, c1964.

Conclusions:

An accelerated exercise protocol during the first week after ankle sprain improved ankle function; the group receiving this intervention was more active during that week than the group receiving standard care (i.e. R.I.C.E.).

結論:

於足踝扭傷後首星期內,施行速效運動治療方案,能提升足踝功能。與標準R.I.C.E.治療比較,接受本療法之組別,在此期間有較佳活動能力

 

Immobilisation for acute ankle sprain. A systematic review.

Kerkhoffs, G.M., Rowe, B.H., Assendelft, W.J., Kelly, K.D., Struijs, P.A., van Dijk, C.N.

Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, (2001), 121(8), 462-471.

 

“Based on our results (22 Studies), functional treatment currently seems a more appropriate treatment and should be encouraged. Concerning effectiveness, immobilisation, if necessary, should be restricted to certain patients and for short time periods.”

『從我們分析的結果(二十二項研究)看來,功能性治療(包紮、活動),是目前較合適的療法,並應加以提倡。在療效方面,假若真有制動之必要(如骨折),亦應只局限於某類患者及短暫施行。』

 

Immobilisation and functional treatment for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults.

Kerkhoffs, G.M., Rowe, B.H., Assendelft, W.J., Kelly, K., Struijs, P.A., van Dijk, C.N.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ( 2002) (3), CD003762.

Conclusions:

Functional treatment appears to be the favourable strategy for treating acute ankle sprains when compared with immobilisation.

結論:

與制動治療比較,功能性治療看來是急性足踝扭傷的較佳治療策略

Summary:

Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries of active people. They are usually treated by either a plaster cast being placed around the ankle so that the joint cannot move, or by treatments that only support the ankle. These are known as functional treatments and can include tapes, bandages or wraps. This review of trials (21 trials) found that functional treatment helped patients return to work and sports more quickly, and helped reduce swelling initially.

總結:

足踝扭傷是好動人士中常見的運動損傷。通常患者不是被打上石膏制動踝關節,便是只用套具支撑。本審閱結果(二十一項隨機對照試驗)發現功能性治療,有助患者早日復工復操,及迅速消除受傷初期的腫脹

 

Acute treatment of inversion ankle sprains: immobilization versus functional treatment.

Jones, M.H., Amendola, A.S.

Clinical Orthopaedic and Related Research, (2007), 455, 169-172.

 

“Based on our review (9 randomized controlled trials) the current best evidence suggests a trend favoring early functional treatment over immobilization for the treatment of acute lateral ankle sprains.”

『基於我們的審閱結果(九項隨機對照試驗),現時最佳的証據紛紛顯示,以早期功能性治療處理急性足踝內翻扭傷,優於制動治療。』

 

The effects of topical icing after contusion injury on angiogenesis in regenerating skeletal muscle.

Peake, J., Singh, D., Lonbani, Z.B., Woodruff, M., Steck, R.

Journal of the American Societies for Experimental Biology, (2015)., 29(1), supp 826.5.

Conclusion:

Topical icing suppressed inflammation but also delayed angiogenesis in regenerating muscle. These findings challenge the practice of using ice to treat muscle injuries.

結論:

局部冰敷會壓抑炎症但同時阻礙受傷肌肉長出新血管。這結果挑戰用冰治療肌肉受傷的一貫做法。

 

上述期刊的內容或摘要,各位可立刻從網上下載,看看是否純是本人的『非科學化個人理解。』

 

這些是正統的專業期刊,當中包括有六十七年歴史(since 1948)Journal of Applied Physiology (美國生理學學會出版的應用生理學期刊),及1972年創刋,並由American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine(美國運動醫學骨科學會)協助出版之American Journal of Sports Medicine (美國運動醫學期刊)。科學家、醫療人員,每有新發現都會刊登研究報告在這些期刊上,要刊出也非要經同儕嚴格審閱(Peer –reviewed)不成,並非互聯網上七咀八舌的爭論,更非八卦週刋由藥廠商家提供的健康新知。

 

看畢上述研究報告,為何還有人說:『醫學無論臨床和動物(實驗)的文獻都是冰凍好』?是否未經搜證便妄下斷言?這是否認真研究科學的態度?

 

不過,當人人都鸚鵡學舌般叫嚷着冰敷冰敷時,有誰敢否定敷冰,如本人,勢成眾矢之的,千夫所指 (我受了不少!本人生性剛毅不屈,從不向無理及無知的指控妥協,攀山多年己經習慣千山獨行,孤身上路,輕言放棄,動輒妥協,在山上過不了三天)

 

各位專家、教授、教練、物理治療師、醫生、運動員,請你們虛心點撫心自問,有否認真探究過冰敷療法的來由?看過多少篇有關冰敷療法的研究報告?過去三個月內有沒有搜尋關於冰敷療法的資料?有的話,恐怕得出和我一致的結論,沒有的話,又憑甚麽否定我的理據??還是人云亦云?在這一窩蜂的世代,要力排眾議,道出真相,比我攀雪山還困難。


冰封着的隱憂

 

敷冰與否,對治療急性運動創傷效果當然有別,但最大問題並非敷冰這做法,而是背後對軟組織創傷修復的錯誤理解才是問題癥結,若典範認為炎症是十惡不赦的反應,務要除之而後快,便會衍生出各種消炎的方法,如敷冰、服食非類固醇消炎藥、注射類固醇等。炎症是運動系統中軟組織(不包括神經組織)創傷的重要修復反應 (Lu, et al., 2011)只管消炎便會阻礙復原,更可惜的是,竟然在治療慢性肌腱疼痛中也應用同樣典範,只管盲目消炎止痛的惡果,就是無數患者受長期痛症煎熬。

 

執迷敷冰的現象,還引申出更重要的問題,就是抱着這種不求甚解,自以為是的態度做人做事,一來阻礙自已進步,二來對自己施行的療法不明所以,只懂循規蹈矩地執行,理論有誤也不知不覺,比敷多一兩袋冰的影響更深遠。

 

無可否認,不同年代都有不同典範,也要明白理解,科學進步過程中,這些典範只會不斷轉移,不斷完善。醫者要有胸襟見識,隨時準備迎接認識新典範,抱殘守缺、固步自封,敵視新見解新發現,死抱著舊觀念不放,其實放不低的是面子利益。

 

 

同道連結:

http://skydmagazine.com/2017/03/ice-controversy/

 

http://www.macleans.ca/society/the-end-of-the-ice-age/

 

https://runnersconnect.net/ice-running-injuries/

 

https://www.howardluksmd.com/orthopedic-social-media/ice-ice/

 

http://physicaltherapyweb.com/paradigm-shifts-use-ice-nsaids-post-acute-soft-tissue-injuries-part-1-2/

 

https://www.mobilitywod.com/propreview/people-weve-got-to-stop-icing-injuries-we-were-wrong-sooo-wrong-community-video/

 

http://marcpro.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Icing-Whitepaper.pdf

 

 

http://guardianlv.com/2014/04/ice-age-melting-rice-may-no-longer-be-the-treatment-of-choice-for-injuries/

 

https://tenniselbowclassroom.com/tennis-elbow-treatments/dont-treat-tennis-elbow-with-ice/

 

http://www.tridoshawellness.com/stop-using-ice-bad-for-healing-injuries/

 

http://main.poliquingroup.com/Tips/tabid/130/EntryId/2412/Why-Ice-Is-Bad-Advice-Stop-Icing-Your-Injuries.aspx

 

https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/the-method-you-learned-for-treating-an-ankle-or-knee-sprain-is-probably-wrong/2016/05/27/f32e86ca-8c9b-11e5-ae1f-af46b7df8483_story.html?utm_term=.db97f9f60cff

 

https://cloudgatehealingarts.com/blog/2014/04/30/23/to-ice-or-not-to-ice-that-is-the-controversy/

 

 

http://share.upmc.com/2016/02/using-ice-exercise/

 

https://life.spartan.com/post/is-r-i-c-e-all-wrong

 

http://stoneathleticmedicine.com/2015/02/10-reasons-icing-injuries-is-wrong/comment-page-1/

 

 

https://www.thestar.com/sports/2014/05/26/more_trainers_rejecting_rice_treatment_for_minor_sport_injuries.html

 

 http://louisptcenter.pixnet.net/blog/post/238787158-%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%8F%97%E5%82%B7%E5%BE%8C%E4%BD%A0%E9%82%84%E5%9C%A8%E6%B5%AA%E8%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%86%B0%E6%95%B7%E5%97%8E%EF%BC%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%A7%E6%96%87%E5%90%AB

 

 

 

http://stoneathleticmedicine.com/2013/11/why-ice-and-anti-inflammatory-medication-is-not-the-answer/

 

http://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/should-you-ice-sports-injury

 

http://www.pitching.com/blog/scientific-reason-baseball-pitchers-never-ice-arms/

 

  https://www.verywell.com/when-to-ice-3120707

 

 

 https://blog.mapmyrun.com/truth-ice-muscle-recovery/

 

 

References

 

Bleakley, C.M., Glasgow, P., Webb, M.J. (2011). Cooling an acute muscle injury: can basic scientific theory translated into the clinical setting? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46, 296-298.

 

Chan, K.M., Fu, S.C. (2009). Anti-inflammatory management for tendon injuries-friends or foes? Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy and Technology, 1(1), 23.

 

Forsyth, A.L., Zourikian, N., Valentino, L.A., Rivard, G.E. (2012). The effect of cooling on coagulation and haemostasis: should ‘ice’ be part of treatment of acute haemarthrosis in haemophilia? Haemophilia, 18(6), 843-850.

 

Lescaudron, L., Peltekian, E., Fontaine-Perus, J., Paulin, D., Zampieri, M., Garcia, L., Parrish, E. (1999). Blood borne macrophages are essential for the triggering of muscle regeneration following muscle transplant. Neuromuscular Disorders, 9(2), 72-80.

 

Lu, H., Huang, D., Saederup, N., Charo, I. F., Ransohoff, R.M., Zhou. L. (2011) . Macrophages recruited via CCR2 produce insulin-like growth factor-1 to repair acute skeletal muscle injury. The FASEB (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) Journal, 25(1), 358-369.

 

Niemczura, R.T., DePalma, R.G. (1979). Optimal compress temperature for wound hemostasis. Journal of Surgical Research, 26(5), 570-573.

 

Peake, J., Singh, D., Lonbani, Z.B., Woodruff, M., Steck, R. (2015). The effects of topical icing after contusion injury on angiogenesis in regenerating skeletal muscle. Journal of the American Societies for Experimental Biology, 29(1), supp 826.5.

 

Prins, J.C., Stubbe, J.H., van Meeteren, N.L., Scheffers, F.A., van Dongen, M.C. (2011). Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of ice therapy in patients with an acute tear in the gastrocnemius muscle: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 25(5), 433-441.

 

Puddu, G., Ippolito, E., F.A., Postacchini, F. (1976). A classification of Achilles tendon disease. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 145-150.

 

Reinl, Gary. (2013) Iced! The Illusionary Treatment Option, USA.

 

Robertson, T.A., Maley, M.A., Grounds M.D., Papadimitriou, J.M. (1993). The role of macrophages in skeletal muscle regeneration with particular reference to chemotaxis. Experimental Cell Research, 207(2), 321-331.

 

Shibaguchi, T., Sugiura, T., Fujitsu, T., Nomura, T., Yoshihara, T., Naito, H., Yoshioka, T., Ogura, A., Ohira, Y. (2016). Effects of icing or heat stress on the induction of fibrosis and/or regeneration of injured rat soleus muscle. Journal of Physiological Sciences, 66(4), 345-357.

 Starkey, C. (2013). Therapeutic Modalities. 4th edition F.A. Davis Company.

 Sutor, A.H., Bowie, E.J., Owen, C.A. (1971). Effect of temperature on hemostasis: a cold-tolerance test. Blut, 22(1), 27-34.

 

Takagi, R., Fujita, N., Arakawa, T., Kawada, S., Ishii, N., Miki, A. (2011). Influence of icing on muscle regeneration after crush injury to skeletal muscles in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110, 382-388.

 

Valeri, C.R., MacGregor, H., Cassidy G., Tinney, R., Pompei, F. (1995). Effects of temperature on bleeding time and clotting time in normal male and female volunteers.. Critical Care Medicine, 23(4), 698-704.

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